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Technology and technology-enabled competition:   Cost pressure to the core: Counter   New growth paths: Develop and ize new revenue   Cost sharing for selected R&D investments: Collaboration
 Larger-scale adoption of Artificial Intelligence/Machine   continued pressure on top-line revenues by   opportunities by investing in new products and   on key investments in digitalization.
 Learning/DLT, new business models based on new   placing additional focus on strategic cost   services, possibly built on data and Artificial Intelligence,
 technologies, as well as new entrants to the industry   reduction, doubling down on cloud-enabled   recalibrating distribution channels and service offerings   Consolidation within the industry: out of the scope of this
 from the technology sector.  modular fintech ecosystems to achieve   to reflect the increasing importance of buy-side clients   paper as ISSA would not be involved.
 higher levels of efficiency, forcing higher   and transforming underlying legacy IT infrastructure to
 Depending on the business model, scale and geographic   levels of service standardisation across   increase flexibility for future innovation.
 footprint, four strategic considerations will be critical for   clients, and pursuing strategic participation   New Growth Paths
 players in the Securities Services industry:   choices and industry consolidation.   Industry disruption: Rethink positioning along the
        current post-trade value chain to ensure preparedness for   Client value-add increase: Identification of areas to
        potential industry disruption, potentially by filling capability   increase the value they provide to their clients.
        gaps with partnerships and acquisitions, and reviewing
        insourcing and outsourcing decisions.       Private Markets and digital assets: Development of a
                                                    shared Private Markets/Alternatives/token infrastructure.
        COVID-19 early lessons learned: Embed lessons
        learned from operating our businesses during the   Pursue a more rigorous Front to Back cooperation:
 Exhibit 3: Change in technology and technology-enabled competition  COVID-19 pandemic into future operating models by   Identification of beneficial areas to address opportunities.
 Average ratings of disruption potential and relevance for the industry from the perspective of Custodians and CSDs  reviewing and rethinking existing (digital) transformation
        programs across the full value chain of activities,   Geographical cooperation: Facilitation of increased
 Custodian  CSD  critically reviewing costly and manually intensive but   collaboration, specifically among smaller players.
        non value-adding activities, and adopting new ways
 Underlying drivers of change  Disruption potential  Relevance  Disruption potential  Relevance
        of remote and resilient working into Business as Usual
 Artificial Intelligence and machine learning  (BAU) capabilities. Considering the findings of this   Industry Disruption
        report, potential areas for collaboration within ISSA and
 Application programming interfaces (APIs)
        between its member firms for the next three to five years   Joint positioning: Joint efforts to accelerate the
 Regionalisation of technology regulation  could include the following topics. These are grouped   development of ESG standards.
        according to strategic considerations and ordered within
 Cloud adoption
        those groups by the feedback reflecting the early view of   Cyber threats arising from Cloud and Quantum Computing:
 DLT and blockchain adoption  ISSA Members who participated in the webinars and the   Joint analysis and sharing of perspectives on risks.
        poll. This ordering has then been optimised for execution
 Cyber security
        likelihood. Some of the ideas presented may not be   SaaS ecosystems: Development of an interoperable SaaS
 Industry incumbents buying Big Tech  achievable by ISSA and its members alone and/or may   ecosystem for data analytics and workflow solutions.
        require extensive collaboration.
 (Big-) Technology firms entering the industry
                                                    Covid-19 Early Lessons Learned
 Fintech firms entering the industry
        Cost Pressure to the Core
 Partnerships between incumbents and tech. firms    Best practice sharing digitization: Sharing of best practices
        Industry APIs: Joint development of standardized industry   and lessons learned from the accelerated digitization.
 Adoption of quantum computing
        APIs for core industry processes.
 Uneven playing fields for incumbents and tech firms  Best practice sharing: Sharing of best practices with
        Common data standards: that facilitate data analytics.  respect to the implementation of regulation and risk
 Regulators enabling key technology in FS
                                                    management/operational resilience.
 Large scale adoption of RPA and automation  Front-to-back ecosystem cost reduction: Identification of
        areas that lead to inefficiencies for all.  Best practice sharing future of work: Sharing of
                                                    best practices and lessons learned from operating
 Positive impact  Neutral impact  Negative impact  No impact  Source: ISSA Member survey  Business Process as a Service (BPaaS):   our businesses.
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